lunes, 3 de abril de 2017

BRUCE CHATWIN, PROTESTANTE, CON POCO AMOR POR LA VERDAD



EN LA PATAGONIA NORTE

Un inglés narrador algo bolacero (1)





En los años 80´  del siglo pasado llegó un libro nuevo a mis manos. Se titulaba “En la Patagonia” y lo había escrito un viajero inglés llamado Bruce Chatwin (2). Para entonces, había leído a  Musters y más tarde a Hudson y no pocas referencias sobre David Livingstone, Stanley y el desaparecido Percy Fawcett en este orden; libros y artículos que había encontrado algunos en la vieja sede de la Biblioteca Cincuentenario de San Antonio Oeste y otros, perdidos entre los estantes de literatura que gustaba leer mi madre. 

Por entonces andaba con ganas de recorrer la Patagonia y al observar que se trataba de narrativa viajera patagónica pensé que Chatwin podría llegar a convertirse en otro clásico de mis preferencias. En el capítulo 36 de su libro se definió como protestante y si bien entonces esta palabra significaba poco, lo cierto era que mi madre lo era y esta mención no era poca. Sentí simpatía por el escritor y una rara familiaridad. Por fin uno que escribe afirmando ser, lo que mi madre dice que es.


Bruce Chatwin
En la Patagonia

Quiero aclarar que en aquellos días me tenía sin cuidado las ideologías. Leía lo que a mi me gustaba, lo que despertaba mi curiosidad. Digo esto porque mientras escribo, alguien cerca mío me dice "Marc, veo que te gustaba la literatura colonialista". En esos días el colonialismo no era una preocupación para mí como lo fue más tarde. Los tiempos y las ideas cambian con los años.

Regresando al tema, insisto, para cuando comencé a leer este trabajo aún no había hecho profesión de fe –no era nacido de nuevo- y el “ser protestante” no significaba lo que ahora sí. La primera lectura no debió ser significativa para mí porque “doné” el libro a la biblioteca popular. Años más tarde al releer el libro; quise saber algo más de este “hermano” que había conseguido fama recorriendo nuestras tierras.

Sin embargo…

Un manto desilusionante me arropó cuando llegué al capítulo 6 donde narraba su paso por la Patagonia Norte. A pesar de leer una y otra vez, no lograba entender el itinerario del inglés. Nací en Bahía Blanca y he vivido por años en la provincia de Río Negro por lo tanto, el presunto recorrido de Chatwin me es familiar. Sin embargo, no podía por más que lo intentaba, reconocer por dónde había bajado al sur.


El recorrido de Bruce Chatwin
Mapa de una edición germana
Arriba a la derecha, San Antonio Oeste

A la Patagonia Profunda se ingresa por la ruta 3 o bien por  la 22 empalmando al sur de Río Colorado con la 251. No existen otras carreteras para viajar hasta la Tierra del Fuego a excepción de la 40 que, por estar al oeste muy lejos del recorrido de Chatwin, no es mencionada en su paso por el este rionegrino. ¿Por dónde viajó este inglés? 

Chatwin escribió: “Bahía Blanca es la última ciudad importante antes de que empiece el desierto patagónico. El “desierto patagónico” conviene aclarar, no es tal sino  un territorio vasto cubierto por vegetación xerófila, atravesado por caudalosos ríos donde abreva la civilización de tipo europeo entremezclada con gente de origen Tehuelche y Mapuche. (Además de otros inmigrantes provenientes de naciones limítrofes y del mundo). 

Por tal razón, no es un desierto donde nadie habita sino un espacio cubierto de especies vegetales, con enormes establecimientos dedicados a la cría de ganado ovino, bovino, etc., y por una gran cantidad de fauna autóctona que, por falta de espacio, no se describe aquí, además de áreas destinadas a la producción frutihortícola. ¿Por qué se le denomina desierto? Es largo de explicar y me llevaría otro post. Prometo más adelante, escribir algo al respecto.


El desierto Patagónico en la provincia de Río Negro
Al fondo la bahía de San Antonio
A la derecha, la laguna Las Máquinas
Un territorio amplio cubierto de vegetación xerófila o monte con espinales
Cada tanto, una mancha ocre de lagunas que se repletan de agua en tiempos de lluvias
Foto
Marc Pesaresi

“Bill me dejó en el hotel próximo a la estación de autocares” -, prosigue Chatwin. “El bar del hotel estaba pintado de verde, bien iluminado y lleno de hombres que jugaban a las cartas. Un campesino joven se hallaba junto a la barra. Apenas se tenía en pie pero conservaba la cabeza erguida como un gaucho. Era un chico bien parecido, de pelo negro rizado, y en verdad estaba muy borracho”. ¿Quién era Bill? Probablemente un personaje inventado. En cuanto al hotel...

El hecho que mencionara “un bar” donde hombres jugaban “a las cartas” y donde, entre los parroquianos, aparece uno que era gaucho, parece estar describiendo a la antigua terminal de colectivos ubicada en 19 de Mayo entre Zelarrayán y Estomba. (En la actualidad el sitio donde estuvo esta terminal precaria, por cierto, es una playa de estacionamiento para los empleados de comercio y uno de los hoteles todavía existe). Había allí un café que  servía en sus días para aguantar la espera de los pasajeros. Que uno de estos estuviera “ebrio” no parece ser creíble ¿por qué?...

Cuando Chatwin viajó por nuestro territorio (1975), la policía estaba muy atenta a las in conductas en la vía pública y cualquier borracho en un sitio público frecuentado por menores y mujeres como una terminal de colectivos podía ser llevado preso a que se le pasara la borrachera en algún calabozo de  la Comisaría mas cercana. (Eran los tiempos de los edictos policiales que permitían tanto a la Policía Federal como a la Bonaerense o Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, detener sin orden judicial y que posteriormente fueron suprimidos). 

A principios de los años setenta, cuando el inglés anduvo por Patagonia,  la policía actuaba a “voluntad” y con mano áspera. El respeto por los Derechos Humanos comenzó en 1983 con la llegada del gobierno radical de Raúl Alfonsín y continúa hasta la fecha.

Chatwin prosigue: “La esposa del propietario me mostró una habitación calurosa y asfixiante, pintada de color púrpura, con dos camas. No tenía ventana y la puerta comunicaba con un patio cerrado con vidrios. Era muy barata y la mujer no dijo que tuviera que compartirla”. El hotel debe ser uno de los dos que conocí próximos al lugar, no más de media cuadra uno y el otro enfrente. Ambos hoteles lucraron en su momento gracias a su cercanía a la terminal. Posteriormente, cuando esta se trasladó, funcionaron como albergues para parejas, viajeros ocasionales o inquilinos. Había uno que en tiempos muy recientes, se lo conocía como "volteadero" o sea, un "telo" o sitio donde llevar alguien para fornicar a gusto.

Y agrega detalles: “Estaba medio dormido cuando el muchacho campesino entró tambaleándose, se arrojó sobre la otra cama, gimió, se sentó y vomitó. Devolvió intermitentemente durante una hora y después roncó. Aquella noche no dormí por culpa del olor del vómito y de los ronquidos·. Que lamentable experiencia. Imagino que no lo habrá pasado nada bien pero, conociendo cómo pueden comportarse los ingleses de “la popular”, no debió sufrir nada de otro mundo.

Sigamos con Chatwin: "De modo que al día siguiente, mientras rodábamos por el desierto, contemplé somnoliento los jirones de nubes plateadas que se devanaban en el cielo, y el océano de arbustos espinosos gris-verdosos que cubrían las ondulaciones y se remontaban por las terrazas, y el polvo blanco que se desprendía de las salinas y, en el horizonte, la tierra y el cielo que se disolvían en la ausencia del color”.

Bruce Chatwin
Camera Press Digital/Millan Pres

Me interesa la parte que menciona el “desierto”, que no es tal, a la salida de Bahía Blanca ya en ruta hacia la Patagonia Norte. Menciona salinas. Dado que no precisa ubicación, supongo que se puede referir a: primero, la  conocida como "Salitral la Vidriera", que  se puede ubicar a oeste de General Daniel Cerri y antes de llegar a Médanos; al lado de en un cruce de rutas. 

Nunca he visto que allí "se levante polvo" (aunque puede ser). Siempre se encuentra húmeda porque su irrigación  depende tanto de lluvias como de la amplitud de las mareas de aguas saladas de la zona costera del humedal de Cerri. O quizás se estuviera refiriendo a las Salinas "del Algarrobo"  (ubicada al oeste a unos 5.878 metros de la entrada a José B. Casas en dirección y "de Piedras", aproximadamente 6.200 metros de la ruta 3), en cercanías de Carmen de Patagones.


Ubicación de las salinas "del Algarrobo" y "de Piedras"
Cortesía
Miguel A. del Blanco - Isidoro B. Schalamuk

Las salinas citadas arribas, en una vista satelital
Cortesía
Google Earth
Obsérvese el trazado de la ruta 3 que conduce a Patagones entre ambos recursos salinos

Ahora bien: justo es reconocer que el  polvaderal en ocasiones se levanta desde lagunas secas y campos aledaños a las rutas, gracias al viento que por lo general sopla y fuerte en la zona. Hace unos años atrás, por causa del desmonte, hubo tormentas de arena importantes en las inmediaciones de las ciudades de Viedma y Carmen de Patagones ambas separadas tan solo por el río Negro o Currú Leuvú según el nombre indígena. Lo más probable que la mención del polvo fuera un recurso literario o bien, le tocó viajar un día ventoso con polvaderales a la distancia.

La descripción de la vegetación, típico monte xerófilo, es correcto. También la coloración: gris verdoso. (Debido al cambio climático, en la actualidad llueve más y los campos se ven más verdes o bien, muy oscuros por los incendios que cada tanto, consume a los montes).

Continuemos: ¿a cuáles salinas se refería Chatwin? Solo Dios sabe. Dado que "producía ficción histórica" en vez de describir con precisión pudo ser cualquiera o bien, un invento de su fértil imaginación. Pero...

Hay un detalle que nos dice que Chatwin no viajó a la Patagonia por la 22 empalmando hacia el sur por la 251 sino por la 3. Leemos: “La Patagonia empieza en el río Negro. A mediodía el autocar atravesó un puente de hierro tendido sobre el río y se detuvo frente a un bar”. ¿Cuál sería el puente de hierro que refiere?

No puede ser ninguno de los dos que existen en la ruta 22 y 251 en las localidades de Río Colorado y Conesa. En Río Colorado sí existe un puente de hierro que vincula la localidad pampeana de la Adela con Río Colorado pero no era utilizado por los ómnibus de pasajeros. En Conesa por años se cruzó el río Negro en balsas más o menos hasta 1968 cuando se inauguró el nuevo puente carretero y este no es de hierro precisamente. 

El único puente de las características mencionadas por el inglés y sobre el río Negro es el  ferrocarretero que une Carmen de Patagones y Viedma. ¿Viajó Chatwin por la ruta 3? Tal parece que sí aunque el relato es poco preciso y casi no refiere nada útil para identificar lugares de este recorrido. O quizás lo vio en fotografías y le pareció bonito por su diseño tan elaborado y digno de ser incluído en la narrativa de un libro. A saber...


El viejo puente ferrocarretero entre Carmen de Patagones y Viedma
En la provincia de Río Negro
foto
Marc Pesaresi

Se complica identificar los lugares visitados con tanta escritura ambigua. Por ejemplo: “Una india se apeó con su hijo. Había ocupado dos asientos con su mole. Mascaba ajo y usa unos pendientes tintineantes de oro puro y un sombrero blanco y rígido rendido sobre las trenzas. Una expresión de terror abstracto cruzó por las facciones del niño cuando ella maniobró consigo misma y con sus paquetes para bajar a la calle. Las casas estables del pueblo eran de ladrillo, con chimeneas negras y una madeja de cables eléctricos en lo alto. Allí donde terminaban las casas de ladrillo empezaban las chozas de los indios. Estas se hallaban compuestas por parches: cajas de embalar, láminas de plástico y arpilleras. Un hombre solitario marchaba calle arriba, con el sombrero de fieltro marrón encasquetado sobre el rostro. Transportaba una bolsa y se internaba entre las nubes blancas de polvo, rumbo al campo. Unos niños se refugiaron en un portal, y se pusieron a atormentar a un cordero. Desde una choza llegaba el ruido de la radio y de grasa siseante. Un brazo musculoso se asomó y arrojó un hueso a un perro. El perro lo cogió y salió disparado”.

Este relato es digno de unas escenas de un western spaghetti. He vivido toda mi vida entre indígenas de la Patagonia tanto de la etnia Mapuche como Tehuelche y nunca observé que "mascaran" ajo a semejanza de los altiplánicos bolivianos que mastican hojas de coca. En este punto Chatwin miente descaradamente. 

Tampoco usaban  las mujeres en esos días pendientes de oro puro. Estas gentes eran de tan humilde condición, que de haber tenido oro, sin duda lo habrían intercambiado por algo que les fuera de utilidad. Este detalle es un invento del autor o sea, otra mentira más. Las únicas joyas que les he visto son de plata, y solo se utilizan cuando las mujeres mapuches visten sus galas para fiestas, o bien, las comunes que utiliza cualquier mujer sin importar etnia que aquí se conocen como “bijouterie”.

Pero si es cierto que tanto en Conesa, Río Colorado. Carmen de Patagones o Viedma, se construye hasta el día de la fecha con ladrillos y que, la gente pobre –no necesariamente aborigen- habitan “ranchos” que es como se les llama a las chabolas de las villas de emergencia que no son otra cosa que barrios precarios necesitados de urbanización. 

Habría que agregar un elemento de construcción que se utilizaba poco, pero existía. Me refiero al ladrillo amasado con barro y paja llamado “adobe” y también la construcción en seco de viviendas prefabricadas de chapas y madera al "estilo inglés". Dado que “en todas las localidades” hubo viviendas como las descritas no es posible identificar en qué pueblo las observa. ¿Por dónde viajó Chatwin? Es un misterio como la Santísima Trinidad, poco menos.

El polvo mencionado en el relato es consistente con la región, árida, donde el viento siempre es permanente y muy fuerte. El ruido a radio también es posible que lo oyera porque en, aquellos días, las personas usaban mucho este aparato. Pero para oír tal cosa, habría tenido que descender del ómnibus. El ruido a “grasa siseante” seguramente se debe a la preparación y fritura de las “tortas fritas”, un bocado muy apreciado en la zona para tomar con mate, té o café, en días fríos y lluviosos o bien, buñuelos.¿Serían tortas con chicharrones? Tal vez. Pero no tengo espacio suficiente en este post, para apuntar suposiciones infinitamente.

Continúa el relato: “Fuera del pueblo había plantaciones irrigadas de maíz y calabazas, y huertos de cerezos y albaricoqueros”. No, definitivamente, Chatwin no describe con exactitud lo que ve. Si estuvo en Río Colorado (en la rivera del río del mismo nombre) luego de ingresar y egresar del pueblo, lo que debió ver fueron algunas plantaciones a orillas del río del mismo nombre cercanas a las estaciones de servicio donde los viajantes podían estacionar sus vehículos para cargar combustibles o aprovisionarse de frutas, verduras, comida en general y luego, ya recorriendo kilómetros sobre la 22, encontrar el desvío para tomar la carretera 251 hacia la Patagonia profunda.

Si estuvo en Conesa, pueblo que le sigue a Río Colorado, seguramente vio frutales en parcelas cuadradas rodeadas de álamos que aquí llamamos “chacras”. Entre las especies que se cultivaban se encontraban manzanos, ciruelos, perales, algunas higueras, vides y, en lo hortícola, verduras para acompañar la dieta de las personas que mayoritariamente carnívora. Tampoco aquí, el relato de Chatwin, contribuye a identificar por donde atravesó la Patagonia Norte.

Los maizales existían pero muy pocos y la gente, a diferencia de otras culturas donde esta planta es esencial para la dieta, en esta parte de Argentina solo es un alimento ocasional. Lo mismo pudo ver a la salida de Viedma, en un tramo llamado “Idevi” donde por entonces, iniciaba labranzas para transformar el terreno otrora cubierto de paja vizcachera en montes frutales. Los cerezos son árboles raros de ver, aunque no se descarta que haya visto alguno a la pasada. ¿Por dónde viajó Chatwin? 

Mientras procuro darle un final a este post, sonrío. Pensaba, en mi ingenuidad. Chatwin había mentido con detalles de su viaje. Pero, al investigar más para elaborar este escrito, me encontré con figuras como la de Osvaldo Bayer y muchos otros, criticando la falta de precisión y de su estilo  “novelado”.

En la actualidad, Bruce Chatwin es objeto de algunos debates y estudios críticos. Adrián Giménez Hutton no aguantó el deseo de averiguar por si mismo si Chatwin había escrito verdad o  mentira y se largó tres veces a recorrer la Patagonia. Su búsqueda culminó en un libro titulado “La Patagonia de Chatwin” o sea, la que “inventó” el inglés y no la real. 

Xavier Alcalá dice sin tapujos que la Patagonia descrita por Chatwin es “falsa” y así titula uno de sus escritos. 

Jorge Camarassa afirma que Chatwin no “contaba media verdad, sino verdad y media” y que, a la hora de narrar, “antes que periodista era escritor”. 

Maria Sonia Cristoff, en "El mito del escritor viajero" (para acceder click AQUÍ)  escribe que, Giménez Hutton dedicó un capítulo entero a tratar las imprecisiones en el relato de Chatwin sobre  las huelgas obreras en la Patagonia. Además apunta una sabrosa anécdota: dice que Osvaldo Bayer, quien fue el más grande investigador de las matanzas de los peones rurales en este triste episodio de represión, acabó denunciando por robo intelectual a Chatwin y por la sustracción de libros que comprobó luego de la visita del inglés a su casa porteña. Tal parece que de protestante el británico solo tenía el nombre. 

Bernadette Califano en su trabajo “La invención de la Patagonia” recuerda que Paul Theroux, amigo del viajero, había dicho que otro amigo en común, lo había calificado como “charlatán Chatwin” porque siempre estaba explicando teorías confusas. Theroux rememora, dice Califano, que en cierta oportunidad en el transcurso de una cena de la Royal Geographical Society lo oyó hablar sobre “las numerosas montañas que había escalado” cuando en realidad nunca había sido un gran andinista. Califano cita a Theroux cuando este increpó al viajero diciéndole que en un libro de viajes había que decir la verdad a lo que Chatwin le replicó “yo no creo en decir la verdad”.

FIN

1. Bolacero: en la jerga vieja de mi ciudad, San Antonio Oeste, es un término que refiere a una persona poco verídica, que narra inventando como si de ficción se tratara, que habla de cosas irreales, que miente a cada rato.

2. Bruce Chatwin fue un escritor nacido en Sheffield, Yorkshire, Inglaterra, el 13 de mayo de 1940. Falleció por causa del virus HIV el 18 de enero de 1989. Trabajó un tiempo a partir de 1958 hasta junio de 1966 en la compañía de subastas  Sotheby's donde, gracias a su capacidad, alcanzó el rango de gerente. Ingresó a la Universidad de Edimburgo, Escocia, donde obtuvo un premio por la calidad de su trabajo. Sin embargo, pronto se aburrió y después de cursar dos años, abandonó los estudios.

En 1972 ingresó en el Sunday Time Magazine como asesor de arte y arquitectura. Durante una de sus entrevistas -a la que le realizara a la arquitecta y diseñadora irlandesa Eileen Gray por entonces de 93 años- observó un mapa de la Patagonia pintado por tan singular mujer. Se dice que él le confesó sus deseos de viajar al fin del mundo. "Siempre deseé ir allí"  pronunció y la anciana le respondió "Ve allí por mí". No transcurrió mucho tiempo para emprender el viaje y luego de pasar seis meses en el sur de Argentina, publicó al regresar su famoso libro de viajes "En la Patagonia" (1977).

Al principio sus lectores imaginaron la narrativa como basada en hechos verídicos. Pero luego de leer que muchos datos no concordaban con la realidad, comenzaron a aparecer recriminaciones por narrar personajes y conversaciones ficticias a los que presentaba como reales.

Para saber un poco más

El Mito del escritor viajero
Suplemento Cultura
La Nación
Para acceder, click AQUÍ

Para olvidar a Chatwin
Bariloche 2000
Para acceder, click AQUÍ

La Patagonia de Chatwin
Adrian Gimenez Hutton
Obra imprescindible a la hora de indagar en el recorrido de Chatwin
Para acceder a la oferta, click AQUÍ

















martes, 7 de febrero de 2017

OH GOD, LET ME FORNICATE IN PEACE!

It looks some Christians say,
They deny obeying to one of the more difficult commandments




_________________________________________




CAROLINA ALFARO

It’s so complicated to accept the enclose sexuality by biblical precept, that do not obey had been the stone of stumbling for many people. Even for some, it has cost relevant position in the service to Jesus Christ. Mark Connelly, as example, principal pastor in one Christian community of Gilbert, Phoenix, Arizona, he has to give up to his position even he finished the 2013 due his marital infidelity with sister in Christ. He doesn’t have more choice than resign after many leaders of his own church discovered him having extramarital sexual relationships.

Connelly did admit his sins and quit as a principal pastor on December 30th. After that he was confronted by his fault, also he was requested to leave the church. He is married with his wife Kay for 29 years and two sons: Lucas and Naomi. The ex principal pastor of the mission of the community church, he had to bear the big embarrassment after some members of the church found him cheating his wife and they asked him to quit The Daily Mail informed.

To the no Christian, the sexuality is “delicious”. If you have more sex it’s much better. The life flies so quick so there is necessity to get satisfaction before the spring comes to run dry. The philosopher Gianni Vattimo, quoting to the adultery, he says “The gospel never didn’t take care of if one of us go to bed whit this one or to another. The adultery? It has to see with historical institutions; it isn’t necessarily a divine order. “Vattimo it looks like he did not read, Matthew 19: 18 “not commit adultery”; Mark 10:19 “Do not commit adultery”; Luke 18:20 “do not commit adultery”. Including in some debates , some pornography people defend the right to fornicate when we want, even declaring that the sex is industry if it make accessible to all and so on, it is one more job that it must be rented. 

Do not fornicate

What part of this commandment is hard to understand?

Some days ago, I did meet with one foreign sister that carries many years living in Argentina. She is middle age, entrepreneur, separated without any divorce paper work; she is going to the Pentecostal church since many years. Workaholic, she has a good reputation in the society where she lives. The no Christian people know her as an honest and fighter woman. 

 Talking to her at the middle of the chat, she commented that “The Lord” has given to her one experience about so controversial theme as the sexuality. I was intrigued, more cautious; I don’t want to go deepen about what kind of experiences the Lord has gave to her. But it wasn’t necessary to ask. Later, she started to talk as if was as confession that due her rebellion, she was going out with a no Christian man who after several months, he dismissed her from his side and he didn’t want to see her again. (Her words have a bitter taste when she recalled the episode).

After, she enclosed, she had another affair with a no Christian man, till the end, the “Lord convinced her” that she must not to join to unequally yoked with the no Christians. In conclusion, she had had sex  with the husband before to separated him and with two more, in less than a year. Anything amazing by the way, when we know about people that had sex with any different person at least once per day as a maximum or per week as a minimum.

In the meantime the good woman talks, I was delivering occasionally comments. “That’s strong”, “thanks to God”, “It was good that she understood”, “I had and have the same fight”, “It happen to me the same” etc. The talk is seems to finish as one talk more that we use to have daily. However in the same moment she revealed one significant detail: She said that she is not willing to leave of having sex because she likes it and she needs it. I did Hit upon to stammering in silly way: - Well, the Bible says that the sex out of the marriages is……

She interrupted me asking: - Why one God of love invented the sex and then forbidden it?  Everybody needs sex, including you. And without giving me time to think about it, she added: - The sex is so good. God knows that we are in the flesh therefore, having sex twice or three times per week it is reasonable. I don’t think that the Lord sets objection. We can no go around with sex desire. God will understand the necessity. And you know that very well, because long time ago you do the same. (She reproached me with the past that every so often talks and condemn).

Can we negotiate the God’s commandment?

Many brothers think that the Christians live within one parliamentary democracy of which authorities were choice by popular voting. When the time arises, we can negotiate the divine commandments as we do with trade union in between, with our nations authorities. Nothing else wrong. 

We the Evangelic believe that we were bought by the price of bloodshed by Jesus Christ in the Calvary’s cross. We are servant of the Highest God. To obey is the rule. We live under the empire of one Theocracy. But be careful, this divine Theocracy has thought commandments for the humans that if we carry through, there’s no any violence neither injustice above the earth. So that to pretend of having sex without any consequence being Christians it isn’t acceptable to God.  If he said no, he ordered by any reason. We can’t go to the presence of the Father shouting: God, let me fornicate in peace!

I spent years trying to understand this point. I remembered the annoyance of my pastor Darrel Moran who tried to teach me in his poor Spanish ------ about the goodness of having the sexuality within the marriage and not out of it. But me, full of life and with the desire to enjoy the pleasure of the feminine flesh, I don’t even negotiate with God. I was straight to disobey.

Until I lived in my own flesh the consequences of my rebellions and with God’s piety and the Holy Spirit and who knows how may intersections by Jesus Christ our lawyer, I get to accept one morning that the Bible in this point, It has all the reason. We can’t fornicate with the God’s blessing out of the marriage.  

Having said that: If the readers want to fornicate, It is their decision. But the Bible does not support any sex relationship out of the marriage. It doesn’t mean, of course, we do what we can think are the best and many of you will decide to have sex whoever you want.  For sure, do not put the blame in God after all the consequences. He had been so clear:  Do not fornicate and Paul had said: Run away from fornication. What else do we need to convince us? Does God have to come in person to corroborate what the scripture says? Well, in some moment Jesus Christ will come with all his Glory.    

But I am so young and I want to have sex!

All right. The Bible says no and your flesh screams yes. We just can repeat what the Bible declare and demand us. Then, it is in your own in what to do or not to do. Each of us have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and you just know in your privacy if you want to obey or not, if it is convenient or not, have sex with a woman and to enjoy for some moment.
  
To deal with the sexuality of the believer exhaust some pastors.

Few times ago, one pastor was honest with me. “Every time that someone talks to me about sex, I shiver. There’s no theme more complicated that talk about sexuality inside the parameters that God demand us. If I say no to everything I run the risk that I can be considered as misogynistic or any kind of monster that see the sex as no natural. I can either say yes to everything, because the Word of God is very clear in this matter, the true is that I rather prefer to avoid the subject”. 
  
Others, with the Bible in hand, faced the issue with determination and then they left to the Holy Spirit works in the believer’s hearts. But if the time goes and some of them continue transgressing in openly way without any desire of change anything? The church will tolerate the fornicate person when God doesn’t want to do it? Well, each pastor will know how to act since the bible advice and support it. Sometimes there’s no way that not be liked with the humans to be liked with God. Nobody say that will be easy to serve. But the scripture support the argument, that the one with problem is not the pastor or the brother who exhort but the one who denied obeying.

Now, you are trying of being saint

Nobody is prophet in his land. Surely many of you will be agree with that, convert, others remind you in sarcastic way your past. Of course, the life is not simple for anybody and all of us have something that work as shot to throw us once in a while. There’s neither tiger without lines nor leopard without spot, right?


This is known by the not believer and every so often, they recall you so clear in order to remember you the bad life that you lived. However, the Bible says so very clear: “The one who is in Christ is new creature born again and there’s no any damnation, to the one who is in Jesus Christ”.
  
What the Bible says about fornication?

Exodus 34:15
Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice;

Leviticus 19:29
Do not prostitute thy daughter, to cause her to be a whore; lest the land fall to whoredom, and the land become full of wickedness.

Hoseas 4:10
For they shall eat, and not have enough: they shall commit whoredom, and shall not increase: because they have left off to take heed to the Lord.

1 Corinthians  5:9
 I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators:

1 Corinthians  5:11
But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolator, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat.

1 Corinthians 6:9
Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind,

Hebrews 12:16
Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. ( It is very clear that God doesn’t have tact about fornication. Why does God ask us to abstain of something that give us so pleasure? Paul says that, all the sins are made out of the body, but the fornication affects the body of the human being the one for the believer is the temple of the Holy Spirit).

To end, I am going to close with a summary’s written of one blog woman called MeliR it says:
“The sex is a gift from God to give mutual joy to the marriage. It’s in the Bible, Proverbs 5:18,
Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of thy youth.”

The romance and the divine gift of the sexuality are highest recommended within the marriage. It is in the Bible, Hebrews 13:4, “Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge”.

God designated the sex as a part of the matrimonial relationship. It is in the Bible 1 Corinthians 7:5, “Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.”

To not hurting each other, the sexual desires and activities must be put under Jesus Christ’s control. It is in the Bible 1 Thessalonians 4:3-5, “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication: That every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour; Not in the lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God”.

The seventh commandment forbids the adultery. It is in the Bible, Exodus 20:14 “Thou shalt not commit adultery.”

The sexual sin is destructive, even when the effects don’t appear immediately. It is in the Bible, 1 Corinthians 6:18 “Flee fornication. Every sin that a man doeth is without the body; but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body.”

How do start the sexual sin? It is in the Bible, Matthew 5: 28, “But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.”

The Bible is clear in the ordinance of not fornicate. It is a serious error, as much as, is at the same level of not kill, not steal, etc… So that the Christians cannot make up excuses to justify earlier sex or out of the marriage. Even so, each Christian has the right to decide which sexuality is convenient even if the Christian decide go the wrong way about what the Scriptures say.

To the people who don’t believe, the sex is the best thing invented by the nature therefore, the person who left the joy by being obedient to a God that we cannot see and in which existence it is impossible to show. They suffer mental problems due the excessive mysticism. 

sábado, 4 de febrero de 2017

WHAT IS DISPENSATIONALISM?


By
Marc Pesaresi







Translation
By
Carolina Alfaro


(In Spanish click HERE


The dispensation is a Christian theological system that affirms that God has used different ways of administration of his will and his grace in different periods of the human being history.

The distinctive of the dispensation is the doctrine that Israel as nation and the church as body of Christ do not form a unique God’s people, but two nations with prophecies, promises and different destiny until the arrival of the millennial kingdom when everything will be one in Christ. According with this way to think, there are seven dispensations. 

Dispensation of the innocence:
At the Eden, Adam and Eve should obey the divine command do not eat from the prohibited tree, with this they will be ensure to be innocent of sin. Both of them failed. 

Dispensation of the conscience:
Since the fall until Noah, the human being had the possibility to control their decisions in free way according what their conscience pointed out. They failed in this, since the design of their hearts was constantly straight to the bad, instead of reaching for God.  

Dispensation of the human being government:
From Noah to Abraham, since the personal conscience it was not an adequate guide to the human being, it was entrust to the government to manage justice and moral. 

Dispensation of the promise:
To fail the governments in his mission, God did choose to Abraham to be the Father of the Faith and He did promise to him that all the nations of the earth will be blessed because of him. 
 
Dispensation of the law
From Moses to Jesus, the human being can be close to God just through complying with the Mosaic Law. This it was given to its perfect condition, it was impossible to comply; it was revealed on that the sin and curse of itself. 

Dispensation of the Grace:
Only recognizing our inability to obtain something good (Conscience of sin) we can recognize that Jesus is the only mediator between God and the human being. “Because there’s no another name under heaven in whom we can be save”.

 
Dispensation of the Millennial Kingdom:
At the end of the time it will arise one period of 1000 years in which Jesus will reign in the earth. It will be a period of glory without precedent. To finish that time, Satan will be free with the goal to test by last time. According the dispensation people, the God’s enemy will try to destroy the human being with the help of the wicked that will resurrect by the Final Trial; however their intention will be vain. After this period the time will be end and it will emerge a new land and new heaven, since all that we know will be destroy by fire. 

The dispensation people understand the Bible about the base of the literal Bible. It will be noted that the word “Dispensation”, come from the latin “dispensare” (distribute), it translate to Greek  languages: “diakonia” or service (2 Corinthians 3:7-9) and “oikonomia”, manage, commission, order (1 Corinthinas 9:17, Ephesians 1:10; 3:9; Col. 1:25). In the protestant theological it refers to the way that God interact with the human being during certain time established.
___________________

Brief history about Dispensation
Antique Dispensation do not systematized

Justino Martir (110 – 165) maintains one concept about the different programs of God. In the Dialogue with Trypho talks certainly, about 4 dispensations. According Larry V. Crutchfield Justino believed in four phases of the human being in God’s program. The first one was from Adam to Abraham, and the second one was from Abraham to Moses, and the third one was from Moses to Christ, and the fourth was from Christ to the eternity. 

Ireneo (130- 200) giving reasons about why there was no more than four Gospels, said: “One of them is as follow: “and the Gospel is in four, as well is the course follow by the Lord. For this reason four main pacts were given to the human being: one, before the Flood, under Adam; the second, after the Flood, under Noah; the third, from the law, under Moses; the fourth, that is the one that restore the human being, and it covers all the things by itself by the Gospel, raising and taking the human being in his wings to the heavenly Kingdom”.

Teruliano (160- 220); Metodio (-311); Victorino de Petau (-304) y Clemente de Alejandría (150-220) they also talked about dispensation and they made three different patriarchal dispensations Agustín (354-430 He also shows those same early concepts of the dispensation on his writing. Even though his frequently declaration said. “Discern the time, and the Scripture will be in harmony with itself “, it is not applicable in its context to de dispensation ideas, in another part he makes declarations that they are applicable. 

 “The divine institution of the sacrifice was suitable to the antique dispensation, but not today because the convenient change of the present age has been introduced by God, Who knows infinitely much better that the human being what is appropriate for each age, and what is, either that add or remove, cancel or prohibit, increase or decrease, the unchangeable creator of the changeable things,  ordering all the events in His ruling until the end of the course of the time, whose component parts are the dispensation adapted to the consecutive age, it will be accomplished, as the big melody of any wise ineffable master of  singing, and it will pass to the immediate eternal gaze of God, to whom we are here, although it is faith time and not by seeing, we worship acceptability. 
Agustín maintain a model of seven ages (dispensation). The first five stages were matched to the history of the Old Testament and they were demarcated by Adam, Noah, Abraham, David and the exiled. The two dispensation of the New Testament, according Agustín and almost all the people of the Dispensation, it was the age of the church and the Millennial Kingdom, the “Saturday rest” of the saint on earth (See Agustín, Sermon 259,2 and also “Revelation and Redemption at the early Christianity” (Vigiliae Christianae 45 (1991)).
____________

Dispensionalism  pre Darby

Pierre Poiret (1646-1719); French Philosopher ;in his work L’OEconomie Divine that it was published by first time at Amsterdam in 1687 and it was translated later to the English and it was knew in London in six volumes; in 1713 ; dedicated each volume to each economy or dispensation in particular. Let see:

Economy (dispensation) of the Childhood that last, since the creation until the Flood. 

Economy of the Childhood, from the Flood until Moses. 

Economy of the Adolescence from Moses to Solomon

Economy of the Youth, that last from Solomon until Advent 

Economy of the Maturity that it will last “something else from this time”.

Economy of the Old Age that it is the time of the fall of the human being. 

Economy of the Renewal of all the things: the Millennium.       

     
Ehlert stated the following about the work of Poiret: “There’s no doubt that here we have a real design of dispensation”. The author use the phrase “Period of dispensation”, and his seventh dispensation is a literal millennium of the thousand years with Christ that he will come back and he will be ruling bodily over the earth, with his Saint, and Israel gathered up and converted. This schatological work is earlier than Darby.
John Edwards (1639-1716) published in 1699 two volumes, a total of 790 pages, with the title of A complete history or outlook of all the dispensations. He did believe in one millennium. Its dispensation structural was the following:

Dispensation of the Innocence and Happiness begins with Adam created in Justice. 

Dispensation of the Sin and the Misery. Adam falls down in sin. 

Dispensation of the Reconciliation: Adam restored from the Redemption in Christ.

                              
Isaac Watts (1674-1748), meanwhile, in one essay of forty pages with the tile of “The harmony of all the religions that God prescribed to the human being and all his dispensations with them”. He described his concept of all the dispensations y he presented his system. The definition is the following:

“The public dispensations of God for the human being, they are those wise and saint constitutions of his will and his government, revealed and exhibited  somehow  in different consecutive periods or ages of the world, in which contain the responsibilities of what He expect  from human being, and the blessing that he promises, or He encourage to wait in Him, here and beyond; together with the sins that He forbid and the punishment that he promised inflict to the sinners, or the dispensations of God can be described shortly, as the moral rules ordered by God and his treatment with the human being, considering the human being as responsible before Him for his behavior”.

His sketch of dispensation is the following:

The dispensation of the Innocence, or the religion of Adam at the beginning.

The dispensation of Adam from the grace pact, or the religion of Adam after the fall.

The dispensation from Noah, or the religion of Noah. 

The dispensation of Abraham, or the religion of Abraham.

The mosaic dispensation, or the religion of Judah

The Chistianity dispensation.
______________


Systematized Dispensation

John Nelson Darby


Darby served in formal way in the Irish Church until he found the work of Irving whose reading produced in him an important theological impact. Darby is recognized in the theological world as the father of the Dispensation, this teaching was popular in United Stated of America by Cyrus Scofield in his “The Scofield Reference Bible”. Toward 1830 he found an interdenominational Christian group that they congregated to share the bread – the equivalent to take the host in the Catholism – as they way it is ordered by Christ. He sympathized with the ideas and attitudes of this person and he adhered to this meetings. 

In 1833, this group has grown up so much and its member started to identify as Christian assembly. As they traveled and they found new communities in Ireland and England, they found the movement known as Brothers of Plymouth. Taking the decision of being separate completely of all catholic influence and Anglican, They formed a church with evangelical trends. ( In Argentine, the Brothers Free).

Likewise, he was responsible for proclaiming the theory of “the mystery of the secret rapture”, according this Christ will suddenly grab from this world his bride, the church, before it will occur without warning the trial of the Tribulation. From here, he was considered wrongly as the “the father of the futurism”. (The author from this writing believes in the rapture but not in secret way).

The belief of the people from dispensionalism about the restoration of the Jewish and the establishment of the Israel reign, it puts them in a prominent place of the Christian Zionism; these groups of believers hold that “God can work in Israel once more”, they hold this belief in their interpretation of the prophecies of the New Testament. 

When he was in the Trinity University at Dublin (1819), Darby believed in base of interpreting the Scriptures, in one future restoration and salvation of Israel as nation. Based on his study of Isaiah 32, Darby concluded that Israel, in a future dispensation, it will enjoy the blessing of this world and they were different to the divine blessing lived by the church. In this way he saw evident distinction between Israel and the church. 

Darby also believe in one “imminent” rapture of the church that it is followed by the seventieth week of Daniel in which Israel will be once more the center of the stage in God’s plan. After this period, Darby believed that there was one millennial kingdom in which God would fulfill His unconditional promises to Israel. 

 
According to Paul Enns: “Darby proposed the outline of dispensionalism noticing that each dispensation classified to the human being under the title of any condition; the human being has certain responsibility before God. Darby also noticed that each dispensation will end in a failure”. According Darby, there is seven dispensations:

Paradisiacal Condition until the flood

Noah

Abraham 


 Israel

Gentile

The Spirit

The Millennium

By his own testimony, Darby says that his theological dispensation was formed completely in 1833. Darby started to preach his ideas with major strong according some writings since 1867. Later he began to travel to North America; his trips gave as result the “Biblical conference of Niagara falls”.

Cyrus Ingerson Scofield (1843-1921) one of the participating at the Niagara Falls conventions, he created a forum of the teacher of the convention of the Bible in 1909 and produced what it is known as the Scofield  Bible Reference . This work was famous in United States of America with his theological notes beside de scriptures. This Reference Bible became the greatest influence on the extension of dispensationalism.
The dispensionalism criticized and defended 

Mainly on behalf of Preterism, doctrine that teach that the prophecies already were accomplished and it will be necessary to wait the Advent, without tribulation and without millennium. In relation to that Ryrie says: “In reply to this accusation that the dispensionalism is recent and, so, suspicious, we had treated to show two things:

The dispensionalism concepts were taught by man who lived much earlier that Darby.
 

      We can wait that the dispensionalism, a system closely related to the eschatology, it wouldn’t be refined and systematized until current time because the eschatology was not a subject under discussion until then”. Ryrie with Apologetic tone presented his work titled “Dispensionalism today”, where he gives proof based on the history that the dispensionalism is not recent as theological subject. At the same time he replied to attacks ad hominem (to his person), intellectual, historic, and attacks that make fun of the doctrine. 

Ryrie follows his conclusion with regard to the historic point of the dispensionalism. The conclusion taken from the accusation of novelty by the adversaries of the dispensionalism, they are, so, unjustified. In all this discussion it is necessary to remember that the verdict of the history is not the final authority. Every doctrine, either antique or recent, at the end of the analysis has to be proved to the light of the Scripture. It is interesting to stand out, between the big adversaries of the dispensionalism; it appears a prominent figure among the Evangelical Christian as Charles Spurgeon. 

 
The Variations into the Dispensionalism

The previous people mentioned characterized the belief of those into the dispensionalism tradition. However, as Blaising writes, “the Dispensionalism has not being a static tradition”. He offered three ways of dispensionalism taught 

       The Classic Dispensionalism (ca. 1850 -1940s)

It refers to the point of view of the British and Americans dispensionalism between the writings of Darby and the Systematic Theological of eight volumes of Chafer. The interpretative notes of “The Scofield bible of Reference is frequently seen as the key of the representative classic tradition of dispensation. 

One important Characteristic of the classic dispensionalism is his dual idea of redemption. In this tradition God is seen as looking for two different purposes. One is related with heaven and another with the earth. “The heavenly mankind should be made by all the redeems of all the dispensations that will be resurrected from the death. While the earthly mankind is related with the people who had not died but who were preserved by God from the death, the heavenly mankind was made from all the save that had died, whose will be resurrected from death by God”. In this tradition it was a little emphasis from the social activity to political for the church.

      Dispensionalism inspected or Modified (ca.1950 – 1985)

This variety of dispensation abandons the eternal dual from heavenly and earthly people. They are structured in a different way with different role and responsibilities of dispensation, but the salvation that is received by everyone is the same. The distinction between Israel and the church, as anthropological different groups, will continue during the eternity. The dispensation people inspected usually reject the idea that there are two new pacts – one for Israel and another one for the church. They also see the church and to Israel living together during the period millennarium and eternal. 
  
The Progressive Dispensionalism (1986 – to present)

The title “progressive dispensionalism” it refers to the relation “progressive” from the consecutive dispensation one to another. Charles Ryrie noted that: ‘the adjective ‘progressive’ it refers to the central thesis that the pacts of Abraham, David and New they will be accomplished today (so as compliance in the Millennial kingdom”.

One of the differences between the progressive dispensionalism and the previous one, the progressive people do not see the church as anthropological category in the same class of terms as Israel, Gentile Nations, Jewish, and Gentile people. The church is not a separate race from mankind (in contrast with Jewish and Gentiles) and it is not a nation in opposition with Israel and the Gentile Nations. 

TIEMPO

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